نقل قول Reported speech
جمعه 22 خرداد 1388 10:52 PM
هنگاميکه ميخواهيم گفتههاي شخص ديگري را نقل کنيم، ميتوانيم از دو حالت مختلف استفاده کنيم:
1- ميتوانيم گفتههاي شخص مورد نظر را عيناً (واو به واو) تکرار کنيم (نقل قول مستقيم):
·
و يا ميتوانيم از نقل قول غير مستقيم استفاده کنيم:
·
در مثال زير به تغييرات ايجاد شده خوب دقت کنيد:
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در نقل قول غيرمستقيم، فعل اصلي جمله معمولاً است و نيز افعال موجود در بقيه جمله هم بايد به زمان گذشته تبديل شوند. اين تغييرات به شرح زيرند:
'I you,' he said. → He told her that he . | → | |
'I on the phone,' she said. → She said that she on the phone. | → | |
He said, 'The rain '. → He said that the rain . | → | |
He said, 'I for 3 hours.' → He said that he for 3 hours. | → | |
He said, 'I him in the theatre.' → He said he him in the theatre. | → | |
'I carefully,' he told the police. → He told the police he carefully. | → |
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در نقل قول غيرمستقيم افعال کمکي وجهي may ،can ،will و shall به might، could، would و should تبديل ميشوند. يعني:
| تبديل ميشود به → |
|
مثال:
· 'I sell my car,' he told me.
He told me that he sell his car.
· 'I help you,' he said.
He said he help me.
· 'The teacher be ill,' he said.
He said that the teacher be ill.
وليافعال كمكي used to، ought to و must در جملات نقل قولغيرمستقيم تغييري نميکنند:
· I told her that I smoke twenty a day.
در نقل قول غيرمستقيم علاوه بر تغييراتي که در افعال صورت ميگيرد، در بعضي ديگر از اقسام کلمه، از جمله قيدها نيز تغييراتي ايجاد ميشود که در جدول زير بعضي از آنها را ميبينيد:
that | this |
those | these |
there | here |
then | now |
that day | today |
the previous day / the day before | yesterday |
the next day / the following day | tomorrow |
the following week / year ... | next week / year ... |
the previous week / year ... | last week / year ... |
چند مثال:
· 'I like it ,' he said.
He said that he liked it .
· He said, 'We'll visit the factory .'
He said that he would visit the factory .