نقل قول Reported speech
هنگاميکه ميخواهيم گفتههاي شخص ديگري را نقل کنيم، ميتوانيم از دو حالت مختلف استفاده کنيم:
1- ميتوانيم گفتههاي شخص مورد نظر را عيناً (واو به واو) تکرار کنيم (نقل قول مستقيم):
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She said, 'It is raining.'
و يا ميتوانيم از نقل قول غير مستقيم استفاده کنيم:
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She said that it was raining.
در مثال زير به تغييرات ايجاد شده خوب دقت کنيد:
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در نقل قول غيرمستقيم، فعل اصلي جمله معمولاً است و نيز افعال موجود در بقيه جمله هم بايد به زمان گذشته تبديل شوند. اين تغييرات به شرح زيرند:
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مثال |
غير مستقيم |
→ مستقيم |
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'I you,' he said. → He told her that he . |
گذشته ساده |
حال ساده → |
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'I on the phone,' she said. → She said that she on the phone. |
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He said, 'The rain '. → He said that the rain . |
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He said, 'I for 3 hours.' → He said that he for 3 hours. |
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He said, 'I him in the theatre.' → He said he him in the theatre. |
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'I carefully,' he told the police. → He told the police he carefully. |
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افعال کمکي وجهي در نقل قول غيرمستقيم
در نقل قول غيرمستقيم افعال کمکي وجهي may ،can ،will و shall به might، could، would و should تبديل ميشوند. يعني:
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تبديل ميشود به → |
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مثال:
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'I sell my car,' he told me.
He told me that he sell his car. -
'I help you,' he said.
He said he help me. -
'The teacher be ill,' he said.
He said that the teacher be ill.
ولي افعال كمكي used to، ought to و must در جملات نقل قول غيرمستقيم تغييري نميکنند:
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I told her that I smoke twenty a day.
تغييرات لازم ديگر در نقل قول غيرمستقيم
در نقل قول غيرمستقيم علاوه بر تغييراتي که در افعال صورت ميگيرد، در بعضي ديگر از اقسام کلمه، از جمله قيدها نيز تغييراتي ايجاد ميشود که در جدول زير بعضي از آنها را ميبينيد:
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غيرمستقيم |
مستقيم→ |
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that |
this |
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those |
these |
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there |
here |
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then |
now |
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that day |
today |
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the previous day / the day before |
yesterday |
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the next day / the following day |
tomorrow |
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the following week / year ... |
next week / year ... |
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the previous week / year ... |
last week / year ... |
چند مثال:
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'I like it ,' he said.
He said that he liked it . -
He said, 'We'll visit the factory .'
He said that he would visit the factory